Lingua Franca - A Selected Bibliography A Selected Bibliography

Christiane Meierkord
Lingua Franca
A Selected Bibliography

4. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Lingua Franca Use
4.1. Language Planning
4.2. Language Policy
4.3. Areas of Lingua Franca Use
4.3.1. Lingua Francas in Science, Medicine and Technology
4.3.2. Lingua Francas in International Business
4.3.3. Lingua Francas in International Political Organization
4.4. Life Cycles of Lingua Francas

5. Historical Aspects of Lingua Francas
5.1. General Aspects
5.2. The Lingua Franca

6. Single Lingua Francas
6.1.Natural Languages Used as Lingua Francas
6.1.1. English
6.1.2. German
6.1.3. French
6.1.4. Hindi
6.1.5. Pidgins and Creoles as Lingua Francas
6.1.6. Other Languages
6.2. Languages for Special Purposes
6.3. Artificial, Planned Lingua Francas

7. Geographical Areas of Lingua Franca Use
7.1. Europe
7.2. Norway
7.3. Eastern Europe and the Former USSR
7.4. The Maghreb
7.5. Africa
7.6. Asia
8. Linguistic Analyses
8.1. Mutual Intelligibility in Lingua Franca Conversations
8.2. The Pragmatics of Lingua Franca Interaction

1. Introductions

Adler, Max K. (1977). Pidgins, Creoles and Lingua Francas. A Sociolinguistic Study. Hamburg: Buske.

Ammon, Ulrich (1987). "Language ö Variety / Standard Variety ö Dialect". In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, N. and Mattheier, K.J. (eds.). Sociolinguistics, Vol. 1. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Ammon, Ulrich (1994). "International Languages". In: The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 4. Oxford. 1725-1730.

Barber, C.L. (1982). The Story of Language. Pan Books.

Barotchi, M. (1994): "Lingua Franca". In: The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 4. Oxford. 2211.

Brann, Conrad M. B. (1989). "Lingua Minor, Franca and Nationalis". In: Ammon, Ulrich (ed.). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 372-385.

Elgin, S.H. (1979). What is Linguistics? Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdenek and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.) (1996). Kontaktlinguistik. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter.

McCrum, R.; Cran, W. and MacNeil, R. (1987). The Story of English. New York: Penguin.

Metzeltin, Michael (1996). "Lingua franca". In: Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdenek and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.). Kontaktlinguistik. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 554-558.

Samarin, William J. (1987). "Lingua Franca". In: Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. (eds.). Sociolinguistics. An International Handbook of the Science of Languages and Society. Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 371-374.

Smith, N.V. (1969). "Relations between Languages: Lingua Franca". In: Meethman, A.R. and Hudson, R.A. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Information and Control. Oxford: Pergamon. 480-482.

Trudgill, Peter (1983). Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin.

Uher, Karl (1991). "Zur Frage der natürlich entstandenen Mischsprachen (Pidgin- und Kreolsprachen, lingua franca) und der künstlich geschaffenen Welthilfssprachen (Volapuk, Esperanto)". Allgemeinbildende Höhere Schule, 7. 214-220.

Wurm, Stephen A. (1971). "Pidgins, Creoles, and Lingue Franche". In: Sebeok, Thomas A. et al. (eds.). Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 8: Linguistics in Oceania. Mouton: The Hague. 999-1021.

2. Bibliographies

Glauser, Beat; Schneider, Edgar W. and Görlach, Manfred (1993). A New Bibliography of Writings on Varieties of English 1984 ö 1992/93. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Görlach, Manfred (1984). "A Selective Bibliography of English as a World Language (1965-1983)". In. Viereck, Wolfgang; Schneider, Edgar W. and Görlach, Manfred. (eds.). A Bibliography of Writings on Varieties of English. Amsterdam:Benjamins. 225-319.

Görlach, Manfred (1991). Englishes: Studies in Varieties of English 1984-1988. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Görlach, Manfred (1992). "Englishes: A Selective Bibliography 1984 ö 1991 (Excluding Britain, Ireland and the USA / Canada)". English World Wide, 13:1. 59 ö 109.

Görlach, Manfred (1995). More Englishes: New Studies in Varieties of English 1988 ö 1994. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Viereck, Wolfgang; Schneider,Edgar W. and Görlach, Manfred (1984). A Bibliography of Writings on Varieties of English,1965-1983. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

3. General Papers and Monographies

Ammon, Ulrich (1994). "International Languages". In: The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 4. Oxford. 1725-1730.

Barotchi, M. (1994): "Lingua Franca". In: The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 4. Oxford. 2211.

Braga, Giorgio (1979). "International Languages: Concept and Problems". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 22. 27-49.

Calvet, Louis-Jean (1981). Les Langues Véhiculaires. Paris.

Comrie, Bernard (ed.) (1987). The World's Major Languages. London, Sydney: Croom Helm.

Enderby, Kep (1990). "The Problem of Language in International Affairs". Social Alternatives, 8:4. 65-68.

Hauge, H. and Schuster, B.G. (eds.) (1986). Essays on Babel. Anis.

Häusler, Frank (1982). "Zur Problematik der Weltsprachen im 20. Jahrhundert". Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung, 35. 267-277.

Hüllen, Werner (1982). "Teaching a Foreign Language as 'lingua franca'". Grazer Linguistische Studien, 16. 83-88.

Jernudd, Björn H. (1987). "World Languages in Radio Broadcasting and as Official Languages". In: Laycock, D.C. and Winter, W. (eds.). A World of Language. Papers Presented to Professor S.A. Wurm on His 65th Birthday. Canberra: Australian National University. 297-308.

Kahane, Henry and Kahane, Renee (1976). "Lingua Franca: The Story of the Term". Romance Philology, 30. 25-41.

Robins, Robert H. (1995). "John Wilkins and Some Questions about a Universal Language". On Languages and Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 247-256.

Verloren van Themaat, Willem (1991). "A World Language - for What Do We Need it and Which Language is Most Suitable for that Role". Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung, 44/5. 641-651.

Wurm, Stephen A. (1977). "Pidgins, Creoles, Lingue Franche, and National Development". In: Valdman, Albert; Reinecke, John and Hancock, Ian F. (eds.). Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 333-357.

4. Soziolinguistic Aspects of Lingua Franca Use

Fishman, Joshua A.; Ferguson, Charles A. and Das Gupta, Jyotirindra (eds.) (1968). Language Problems of Developing Nations. New York: Wiley.

Gage, William W. (1986). "The World Balance of Languages". In: Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). The Fergusonian Impact, Vol. 2. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 371-383.

Görlach, Manfred (1989). "The Sociolinguistics of English as a World Language; Sel. of Papers of 10th Annual Conf. on 'Commonwealth' Lit.&Lang. Studies, Königstein, 11-14 June 1987". In Riemenschneider, Dieter (ed.). Critical Approaches to the New Literatures in English,I. Essen: Blaue Eule. 116-130.

McCray, Stanley (1985). "World Language Communities: Foreign Language Teaching and the World View". ADFL Bulletin, 16/2. 53-56.

Rice, Frank A. (ed.) (1962). Study of the Role of Second Languages in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.

4.1. Language Planning

Andres, Franz and Watts, Richard J. (1993). "English as a Lingua Franca in Switzerland? Myth or Reality?" Bulletin CILA, 58. 109-127.

Awonusi, V.O. (1985). "Issues in Language Planning: An Examination of the Continued Role of English as Nigeriaâs Lingua Franca". Sociolinguistics, 15/1. 25-30.

Coulmas, Florian (1985). Sprache und Staat. Studien zu Sprachplanung und Sprachpolitik. Berlin und New York: de Gruyter.

De V. Cluver, August D. (1991). "A System Approach to Language Planning: The Case of Namibia". Language Problems and Language Planning, 15/1. 43-64.

Dua, Hans Raj (1996). "The Politics of Language Conflict: Implications for Language Planning and Political Theory". Language Problems and Language Planning, 20:1. 1-17.

Eastman, C.M. (1983). Language Planning: An Introduction. San Francisco: Chandler & Sharp.

Haugen, Einar (1966). Language Conflict and Language Planning. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Haugen, Einar (1987). "Language Planning". In: Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. (eds.). Sociolinguistics. Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 626-637.

Jernudd, Björn H. (1981). "Planning Language Treatment: Linguistics for the Third World". Language in Society, 10. 43-52.

Jernudd, Björn H. (1996). "Language Planning". In: Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdenek and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.). Kontaktlinguistik. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 833-842.

Kachru, Braj B. (1981). "An Overview of Language Policy and Planning". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2. 2-7.

Khubchandani, Lachmann M. (1975). Language Planing in Developing Nations. Honolulu, Hawaii.

Kirkwood, Michael (1989). Language Planning in the Soviet Union. London: Macmillan.

Kozelka, Paul Robert. (1985). Community-based Language Planning: A Movement Needed and Starting in West Africa. Quebec: Centre International de Recherche sur le Bilinguisme.

Kuo, Eddi C.Y. and Jernudd, Bjorn H. (1993). "Balancing Macro- and Micro-Sociolinguistic Perspectives in Language Management: The Case of Singapore". Language Problems and Language Planning, 17/1. 1-21.

Language Planning (1985). South African Journal of Linguistics. Sonderheft.

Richmond, Edmun B. (1989). "Language Engineering and Educational Policy in Sub Saharan Africa". Geolinguistics, 15. 1-6.

Rubin, Joan (1979). Directory of Language Planning Organizations. Honolulu, Hawaii: East-West Center.

Rubin, Joan and Jernudd, Björn H. (eds.) (1971). Can Language be Planned? Sociolinguistic Theory and Practice for Developing Nations. Honolulu, Hawaii.

Rubin, Joan and Shuy, Roger (eds.) (1973). Language Planning: Current Issues and Research. Washington, D.C.

Salmon, Vivian (1966). "Language-planning in Seventeenth-century England; its Context and Aims". In: Bazell, C.E. et al. (eds.). In Memory J.R. Firth. London. 370-397.

Tollefson, J.W. (1991). Planning Language, Planning Inequality: Language Policy in the Community. London.

Truchot, Claude (1991). "Towards a Language Policy for the European Community". In: Marshall, D.F. (ed.). Language Planning. Focusschrift in Honor of Joshua A. Fishman on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Amsterdam and Philadelphia.

Whiteley, William H. (1968). "Ideal and Reality in national Language Policy: A Case Study from Tanzania". In: Fishman, Joshua A.; Ferguson, Charles A. and DasGupta, Jyotirindra (eds.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. New York: John Wiley. 327-344.

Wright, Sue (1995). "Language Planning and Policy-Making in Europe". Language Teaching, 28/3. 148-159.

Wurm, Stephen A. (1973). "The Problem of a National Language in Papua New Guinea". Linguistic Communications, 10. 1-30.

4.2. Language Policy

Achard, Pierre (1987). "The Development of Language Empires". In: Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. (eds.). Sociolinguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 1541-1551.

Ager, D.E. (1989). "La Francophonie". ACTIF, 1989. 19-33.

Altehenger-Smith, Sherida (1990). Language Change via Language Planning: Some Theoretical and Empirical aspects with a Focus on Singapore. Hamburg: Buske.

Ammon, Ulrich (1989). "Schwierigkeiten der deutschen Sprachgemeinschaft aufgrund der Dominanz der englischen Sprache". Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 8/2. 257-272.

Ammon, Ulrich and Kleineidam, Hartmut (eds.) (1992). Language-Spread Policy. Vol. 1: Languages of Former Colonial Powers. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 95.

Ammon, Ulrich (ed.) (1994). Language-Spread Policy. Vol. 2: Languages of Former Colonial Powers and Former Colonies. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 107.

Brosnahan, L.F. (1963). "Some Historical Cases of Language Imposition". In: Spencer, J. (ed.). Language in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7-24.

Brosnahan, L.F. (1973). "Some Historical Cases of Language Imposition". In: Bailey, Richard W. and Robinson, Jay L. (eds). Varieties of Present-Day English. New York & London: Macmillan. 40-55.

Chiti-Batelli, Andreas (1989). "'Lingua Franca' Internationale et Défense des Cultures Minoritaires". Europa Ethnica, 46/2. 87-93.

Chiti-Batelli, Andrea (1990). International Lingua Franca and Threat for Other Languages. Rome: Author.

Coulmas, Florian (1985). Sprache und Staat. Studien zu Sprachplanung und Sprachpolitik. Berlin und New York: de Gruyter.

Deniau, Xavier (1983). La Francophonie. Paris.

Fishman, Joshua A. (1987). "English: Neutral Tool or Ideological Protagonist? A 19th-century East-Central-European Jewish Intellectual Views English form Afar". English World-Wide, 8/1. 1-10.

Kachru, Braj B. (1981). "An Overview of Language Policy and Planning". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2. 2-7.

Léger, Jean-Marc (1987). La Francophonie: Grand Dessein, Grande Ambigüité. Québec.

Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: OUP.

Rannut, Mart (1991). "Beyond Linguistic Policy: The Soviet Union versus Estonia". ROLIG-Papir, 48. 23-52.

Weber, George (1987). "The Battle of the Giants: Has English Beaten French?" Language Monthly, 46. 17-21.

Wright, Sue (1995). "Language Planning and Policy-Making in Europe". Language Teaching, 28/3. 148-159.

4.3. Areas of Lingua Franca Use

4.3.1. Lingua Francas in Science, Medicine and Technology

Ammon, Ulrich (1988). "Deutsch als Publikationssprache der Wissenschaft". Germanistische Mitteilungen, 28. 75-80.

Ammon, Ulrich (1990). "German or English? The Problems of Language Choice Experienced by German-Speaking Scientists." In: Nelde, P.H. (ed.). Language Conflict and Minorities. Bonn. 31-51.

Ammon, Ulrich (1996). "Mehrsprachigkeit in Wissenschaft und Technik". In: Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdenek and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.). Kontaktlinguistik. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 421-426.

Ammon, Ulrich (1998). "Heutige Fachsprachen im interkulturellen Austausch I: die Stellung der deutschen Wissenschaftssprachen außerhalb des deutschen Sprachgebiets". In: Hoffmann, Lothar; Kalverkämper, Hartwig and Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (eds.). Languages for Special Purposes. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 809-819.

Graustein, Gottfried (1981). "Zur Rolle der englischen Sprache in der internationalen Kommunikation unter Berücksichtigung des wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritts". Linguistische Arbeitsberichte, 30. 16-26.

Haas, Gaylord R. (1995). "`English Creep: English as a Lingua Franca of Corporate and Technological Globalization". Geolinguistics, 21. 69-88.

Holden, Nigel (1987). "International Scientific Communication: Old Problems and a New Perspective. English and Other Languages in International Scientific Communication." The Linguist, 26/3. 110-116.

Jaumotte, André L. (1989). "La Langue Francaise dans les Sciences et les Techniques". In: Lemaire, Jacques (ed.). Le Francais et les Belges. Brussels. 43-49.

Kalverkämper, Hartwig and Weinrich, Harald (eds.) (1986). Deutsch als Wissenschaftssprache. 25. Konstanzer Literaturgespräch. Tübingen.

Lippert, Herbert (1985). "Englisch - neue Wissenschaftssprache der Medizin". In: Karlverkämper, Hartwig and Weinrich, Harald (eds.). Deutsch als Wissenschaftssprache. Tübingen. 38-44.

Loeben, Manfred and Runge, Wolfgang (1985). "Sprachbarrieren bei der naturwissenschaftlich-technischen Fachkommunikation: Ergebnisse einer Befragung". Nachrichten für Dokumentation, 36/3. 127-136.

Maher, John (1986). "The Development of English as an International Language of Medicine". Applied Linguistics, 7. 206-218.

Markl, Hubert (1985). "Die Spitzenforschung spricht englisch". In: Karlverkämper, Hartwig and Weinrich, Harald (eds.). Deutsch als Wissenschaftssprache. Tübingen. 20-25.

Michel, J. (1982). "Linguistic and Political Barriers in the International Transfer of Information in Science and Technology". Journal of Information Science, 5/4. 131-135.

Michels, Stefan (1992). "Deutsch als Fachsprache der Chemie: die Veränderungen am Beispiel seiner Verwendung in chemischen Fachzeitschriften". Germanistische Mitteilungen, 35. 55-63.

Pöckl, Wolfgang (1998). "Heutige Fachsprachen im interkulturellen Austausch II: die Stellung der französischen Wissenschaftssprachen außerhalb Frankreichs". In: Hoffmann, Lothar; Kalverkämper, Hartwig and Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (eds.). Languages for Special Purposes. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 819-828.

Schröder, Hartmut (1998). "Heutige Fachsprachen im interkulturellen Austausch III: die Stellung der englischen Wissenschaftssprachen in der Welt". In: Hoffmann, Lothar; Kalverkämper, Hartwig and Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (eds.). Languages for Special Purposes. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 828-840.

Skudlik, Sabine (1990). Sprachen in den Wissenschaften. Deutsch und Englisch in der internationalen Kommunikation. Tübingen.

Skudlik, Sabine (1991). "The Status of German as a Language of Science and the Importance of the English Language for German-Speaking Scientists". In: Ammon, Ulrich and Hellinger, Marlies (eds.). Status Change of Languages. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 391-407.

Swinburne, Joan K. (1983). "The Use of English as the International Language of Science: A Study of the Publications and Views of a Group of French Scientists". The Incorporated Linguist, 22/3. 129-132.

Tatje, Rolf (1992). "Fachsprachliche Kommunikation: Zum Status des Deutschen, Englischen und Französischen als Wissenschafts- und Publikationssprachen in der Mineralogie. In: Bungarten, Theo (ed.). Beiträge zur Fachsprachenforschung. Sprache in Wissenschaft und Technik, Wirtschaft und Rechtswesen. Tostedt. 73-90.

Traxel, Werner (1975). "Internationalität oder Provinzialismus? Über die Bedeutung der deutschen Sprache für deutschsprachige Psychologen". Psychologische Beiträge, 18. 584-594.

Tsunoda, Minoru (1983). "Les langues internationales dans les publications scientifiques et techniques". Sophia Linguistica. 144-155.

Ventola, Eija (1995). "Englisch als 'lingua franca' der schriftlichen Wissenschaftskommunikation in Finnland und in Deutschland". In: Kretzenbacher, Heinz L. and Weinrich, Harald (eds.). Linguistik der Wissenschaftssprache. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 353-386

Wickler, Wolfgang (1985). "Englisch als deutsche Wissenschaftssprache". In: Karlverkämper, Hartwig and Weinrich, Harald (eds.). Deutsch als Wissenschaftssprache. Tübingen. 26-31.

4.3.2. Lingua Francas in International Business

Ammon, Ulrich (1996). "Sprachkontakt in multinationalen Betrieben". In: Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdenek and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.). Kontaktlinguistik. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 852-857.

Bell, Jill Sinclair (1995). "Canadian Experiences of Training Linguistically Diverse Populations for the Workplace". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 18/1. 35-51.

Bungarten, Theo (1996). "Mehrsprachigkeit in der Wirtschaft". In: Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdenek and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.). Kontaktlinguistik. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter.

Clyne, Michael and Ball, Martin (1990). "English as a Lingua Franca in Australia, Especially in Industry: A First Report". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. Series 5/7. 1-15.

Coulmas, Florian (1996). "Language Contact in Multinational Organizations". In: Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdenek and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.). Kontaktlinguistik. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 858-864.

Dine, Paul and Hallek, Claudia (1988). "Deutsch als Fremdsprache in der Industrie am Beispiel eines Großunternehmens". Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache, 15. 254-256.

"Discourse Structures in Business Negotiations". (1995) In: Ehlich, Konrad and Wagner, Johannes (eds.). The Discourse of Business Negotiation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 65-174.

Haas, Gaylord R. (1995). "'English Creep': English as a Lingua Franca of Corporate and Technological Globalization". Geolinguistics, 21. 69-88.

Hollqvist, Hakan (1984). The Use of English in Three Large Swedish Companies. Uppsala.

"Sprache und Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen". Jahrestagung Internationale Vereinigung Sprache und Wirtschaft, 16. 1-201.

4.3.3. Lingua Francas in International Political Organization

Banks, Arthur S. et al. (eds.). (1987). Political Handbook of the World 1987. Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations as of March 15, 1987. Binghampton, N.Y.:.

Bern, Joachim (1992). "Eurospeak + Eurotexte = Eurolinguistik?: Anmerkungen zu sprachlichen Gewohnheiten im Brüsseler 'Euro Alltag'". Sprachreport, 2-3. 1.3

Knapp, Karlfried (1998). "Das Englische als Fachsprache in internationalen Institutionen des 20. Jahrhunderts". In: Hoffmann, Lothar; Kalverkämper, Hartwig and Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (eds.). Languages for Special Purposes. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 840-849.

Ostrower, Alexander (1965). Language, Law, and Diplomacy. 2 Vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Schütte, Wilfried (1994). "Gehen die kleineren Sprachen im sich vereinigenden Europa unter?: Mehrsprachigkeitspraxis und Verständigungsprobleme in E.G.-Institutionen." In: Spillner, Bernd (ed.). Nachbarsprachen in Europa. Frankfurt a.M. u.a.: Lang. 127-135.

4.4. Life Cycles of Lingua Francas

Moag, Rodney F. (1983). "The Life Cycle of Non-Native Englishes: A Case Study". In: Kachru, Braj (ed.). The Other Tongue. English Across Cultures. Oxford: Pergamon.

5. Historical Aspects of Lingua Francas

5.1. General Aspects

Barber, Giles (1994). "'Eruditionis bona pars': Oxford and the European Languages around 1600". In: Hackmann, W.D. and Turner, A.J. (eds.). Learning, Language and Invention. Essays Presented to Francis Maddison. Aldershot: Variorum. 32-53.

Brosnahan, L.F. (1963). "Some Historical Cases of Language Imposition". In: Spencer, J. (ed.). Language in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7-24.

Brosnahan, L.F. (1973). "Some Historical Cases of Language Imposition". In: Bailey, Richard W. and Robinson, Jay L. (eds). Varieties of Present-Day English. New York & London: Macmillan. 40-55.

Camus Bergareche, Bruno (1993). "Lingua Franca y Lengua de Moros". Revista de Filologia Espanola, 73/3-4. 417-426.

Hobsbawm, E.J. (1990). Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: CUP.

Kaimo, Jorma (1979). The Romans and the Greek Language. Helsiki.

Salmon, Vivian (1966). "Language-planning in Seventeenth-century England: its Context and Aims". In: Bazell, C.E. et al. (eds.). In Memory J.R. Firth. London. 370-397.

Viereck, Wolfgang (1993). "The Medieval European Common Market and Its Impact on Middle English". Neuphilologische Mitteilungen: Bulletin of the Modern Language Society, 94:1. 69 ö 78.

Whinnom, Keith (1977). "Lingua Franca: Historical Problems". In: Valdman, A. (ed.). Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Indiana Univ. Press.

5.2. The Lingua Franca

Brann, Conrad Max Benedict (1994). "Reflexions sur la langue franque (lingua franca): Origine et Actualité". La Linguistique, 30/1. 149-159.

Cifoletti, Guido (1978). "Lingua franca e sabir: Considerazioni storiche e terminologiche". Incontri Linguistici, 4. 205-212.

Cifoletti, Guido (1994). "A Proposito di Lingua Franca". Incontri Linguistici, 17. 155-170.

Cornelissen, Ralf (1992). "Zur 'Lingua Franca' des Mittelmeers". In: Birken-Silverman, Gabriele (ed.). Beiträge zur Sprachlichen, Literarischen und Kulturellen Vielfalt in den Philologien. Stuttgart: Steiner. 217-228.

Foltys, Christian (1984). "Die Belege der Lingua Franca". Neue Romania, 1. 1-37.

Granda, German de (1977). "Lingua Franca mediterranea y criollo-portugues atlantico". In: Alvar, Manuel (ed.). Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Estudios Linguisticos del Mediterraneo. Malaga: Excma. Diputacion de Malaga, Inst. de Cultura. 41-46.

Kahane, Henry; Kahane, Renee and Tietze, Andreas (1958). The Lingua Franca in the Levant: Turkish Nautical Terms of Italian and Greek Origin. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Röll, Walter (1967). "Zur Lingua franca". Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie, 83. 306-313.

Schuchard, Hugo (1909). "Die Lingua franca". Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie, 33. 441-461.

Whinnom, Keith (1977). "Lingua Franca: Historical Problems". In: Valdman, Albert; Reinecke, John and Hancock, Ian F. (eds.). Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 295-310.

6. Single Lingua Francas

6.1. Natural Languages Used as Lingua Francas

6.1.1. English

Ammon, Ulrich (1990)."Deutsch, Englisch, Russisch und Französisch als Linguae francae in Osteuropa: Eine Expertenbefragung". Germanistische Mitteilungen, 32. 67-81.

Bailey, Richard W. and Robinson, Jay L. (eds.) (1973). Varieties of Present-Day English. New York & London: Macmillan.

Bailey, Richard W. and Görlach, Manfred (eds.) (1982). English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.

Beneke, Jürgen (1991). "Englisch als lingua franca oder als Medium interkultureller Kommunikation?" In: Grebind, Renate (ed.). Grenzenloses Sprachenlernen: Festschrift für Reinhold Freudenstein. Berlin: Cornelsen & Oxford UP. 58-61.

Brumfit, Christopher (ed.) (1982). English for International Communication. Oxford: Pergamon.

Carstensen, Broder (1986). "Euro-English". In: Kastovsky, Dieter (ed.) Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries. In Honour of Jacek Fisiak on the Occasion of his Fiftieth Birthday, Vol. 2. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 827-835.

Cheshire, Jenny (ed.) (1991). English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Coulmas, Florian (1987). "Why Speak English?". In: Knapp, Karlfried; Enninger, Werner and Knapp-Potthoff, Annelie (eds.). Analyzing Intercultural Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 95-107.

Crystal, David (1985). "How many Millions? The Statistics of English today". English Today, 1. 7-9.

Crystal, David (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dhamaija, P.V. (1994). "English as a Multiform Medium". In: Hayhoe, Mike and Parker, Stephen (eds.). Who Owns English? Buckingham: Open University Press. 62-67.

Dovring, Karin (1997). English as Lingua Franca. Double Talk in Global Persuasion. Westport, Conn. and London: Praeger.

Edwards, Jay; Rosberg, Michael and Hoy, Luis 'Modesto' Tryme (1975). "Conversation in a West Indian Taxi: An Ethnolinguistic Analysis". Language in Society, 4. 295-321.

English in the South Pacific (1989). World Englishes, 8/1. 1-94

English Only? In Europa. (1994) Sociolinguistica, 8.

Fishman, Joshua A.; Cooper, Robert L. and Conrad, Andrew W. (eds.) (1977). The Spread of English: The Sociology of English as an Additional Language. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.

Flaitz, Jeffra (1988). The Ideology of English: French Perceptions of English as a World Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Görlach, Manfred (1988). "English as a World Language: The State of the Art".English World-Wide, 9:1. 1-32.

Görlach, Manfred (1985). "Lexicographical Problems of New Englishes and English-Related Pidgin and Creole Languages; Proc. of Second Internat.Symposium on Lexicography May 16-17,1984 at Univ. of Copenhagen". In: Hyldgaard-Jensen Karl and Zettersten, Arne (eds.). Symposium on Lexicography,II. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 223-244

Görlach,Manfred (1983). "Formen und Funktionen der Weltsprache Englisch". In: Ruperto,Carola (ed.). Forschungsmagazin der Universität Heidelberg. Dec.,35:69. 159-163

Hock, Hans Henrich (1992). "A Note on English and Modern Sanskrit". World Englishes, 11/2-3. 163-171.

Hollqvist, Hakan (1984). The Use of English in Three Large Swedish Companies. Uppsala.

Hübler, Axel. (1985). Einander Verstehen: Englisch im Kontext Internationaler Kommunikation. Tübingen: Narr.

Kachru, Braj B. (1984). "The Alchemy of English: Social and Functional Power of Non-Native Varieties". In: Kramarae, Cheris; Schulz, Muriel and O«Barr, William M. (eds.). Language and Power. Beverly Hills: Sage. 176-193.

Kachru, Braj B. (1985). "Institutionalized Second-Language Varieties". In: Greenbaum, Sidney (ed.). The English Language Today. Oxford: Pergamon. 211ö226.

Kachru, Braj B. (1985). "Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle". In: Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, Henry (eds.). English in the World, Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge.

Kachru, Braj B. (1986). "ESP and Non-Native Varieties of English: Toward a Shift in Paradigm". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 16:1 (Spring). 13ö34.

Kachru, Braj B. (1989). "World Englishes and Applied Linguistics". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 19:1 (Spring). 127ö152.

Kachru, Braj B. (1990). The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-Native Englishes. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.

Kachru, Braj B. (1992). "World Englishes: Approaches, Issues and Resources". Language Teaching: The International Abstracting Journal for Language Teachers and Applied Linguists, 25:1 (Jan.). 1ö14.

Kachru, Braj B. (1992). "Models for Non-Native Englishes". In: Kachru, Braj B. (ed.). The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press. 48ö74.

Kachru, Braj B. (ed.) (1992). The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.

Kachru, Braj B. (1992). "Teaching World Englishes". In: Kachru, Braj B. (ed.). The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press. 355ö365.

Kachru, Braj B. (1995). "The Alchemy of English". In: Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth and Tiffin, Helen (eds.). The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. London: Routledge. 291ö295.

Kachru, Braj B. (1996). "English as Lingua Franca". In: Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdenek and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.). Kontaktlinguistik. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 906-

Knapp, Karlfried (1987). "English as an International Lingua Franca and the Teaching of Intercultural Communication". In: Lörscher, Wolfgang and Schulze, Rainer (eds.). Perspectives on Language in performance. Studies in Linguistics, Literary Criticism, and Foreign Language Teaching to Honout Werner Hüllen on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday. Tübingen: Narr. 1022-1039.

Knapp, Karlfried (1989). "'Why just English - Warum nicht Deutsch?' Soziolinguistische Aspekte und einige offene Forschungsfragen in der Diskussion um Englisch als Wissenschaftssprache in Deutschland". GAL-BULLETIN, 10. 44-55.

Knapp, Karlfried (1991). "Zurück vor Babel?: Zur Zukunft der Weltsprache Englisch". LiLi: Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik, 20/79. 18-42.

Lippert, Herbert (1985). "Englisch - neue Wissenschaftssprache der Medizin". In: Karlverkämper, Hartwig and Weinrich, Harald (eds.). Deutsch als Wissenschaftssprache. Tübingen. 38-44.

Ljung, Magnus (1986). "The Role of English in Sweden". In: Viereck, Wolfgang (ed.). English in Contact with other languages. Budapest: Akad. Kiado. 369-386.

Lowenberg, Peter H. (1986). "Non-native Varieties of English: Nativization, Norms, and Implications". Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 8/1. 1-18.

Markl, Hubert (1985). "Die Spitzenforschung spricht englisch". In: Karlverkämper, Hartwig and Weinrich, Harald (eds.). Deutsch als Wissenschaftssprache. Tübingen. 20-25.

McArthur, Tom (1994). "Organized Babel: English as a Global Lingua Franca". In: Atalis, James E. (ed.). Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1994. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press. 233-242.

Nadkarni, M.V. (1992). "On Liberating English to be a World Language". World Englishes, 11/2-3.

OâDonnell, Holly (1986). "Visiting Englishes of the World". English Journal, 75/3. 46-48.

Pennycook, Alastair (1994). The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. London.

Preisler, Bent (1995). "Standard English in the World". Multilingua, 14:4. 341-362.

Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, H.G. (eds.) (1985). English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Papers of an International Conference 'Progress in English Studies'. London and Cambridge: British Council and Cambridge University Press.

Skudlik, Sabine (1990). Sprachen in den Wissenschaften. Deutsch und Englisch in der internationalen Kommunikation. Tübingen.

Smith, Larry E. (ed.) (1983). Readings in English as an International Language. Oxford: Pergamon.

Smith, Larry (ed.) (1987). Discourse Across Cultures: Strategies in World Englishes. Outcome of a Cross-Cultural and Corss-Linguistic Conference. New York: Prentice Hall.

Smith, M. van Wyk (1989). "Some Thoughts on English as a Lingua Franca". Theoria, 73. 31-38.

Truchot, Claude (1990). L'anglais dans le monde contemporain. Paris.

Viereck, Wolfgang (1987). "English as an International Language". Indogermanische Forschungen: Zeitschrift für Indogermanistik und Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, 92. 172ö195.

Wickler, Wolfgang (1985). "Englisch als deutsche Wissenschaftssprache". In: Karlverkämper, Hartwig and Weinrich, Harald (eds.). Deutsch als Wissenschaftssprache. Tübingen. 26-31.

Wurm, Stephen A. (1984). "Influence of English and Other Metropolitan Languages in the Pacific Area: Languages for Intercultural Communication in the Pacific". English World-Wide, 5/1. 89-92.

6.1.2. German

Ammon, Ulrich (1988). "Deutsch als Publikationssprache der Wissenschaft". Germanistische Mitteilungen, 28. 75-80.

Ammon, Ulrich (1990). "Deutsch, Englisch, Russisch und Französisch als Linguae francae in Osteuropa: Eine Expertenbefragung". Germanistische Mitteilungen, 32. 67-81.

Ammon, Ulrich (1990). "German as an International Language". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 83. 135-170.

Ammon, Ulrich (1991). Die internationale Stellung der deutschen Sprache. Berlin et al.: Mouton de Gruyter.

Ammon, Ulrich (1993). "Empirische Untersuchungen zur Stellung der deutschen Sprache in Europa in Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik". In: Born, J. and Stickel, G. (eds.). Deutsch als Verkehrssprache in Europa. Berlin and New York. 38-53.

Ammon, Ulrich (1994). "Die deutsche Sprache: Lingua Franca im Schatten von Englisch?" Deutschland. Zeitschrift für Politik, Kultur, Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft, 1-2/1994. 44-49.

Berschin, Helmut (1994). "Kontinuität oder Wende?: Deutsch als internationale Sprache seit 1989". Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 61/3. 308-324.

Bodemann, Y. Michal; Ostow, Robin and Klein, Wolfgang (1975). "Lingua franca und Pseudo-Pidgin in der Bundesrepublik: Fremdarbeiter und Einheimische im Sprachzusammenhang". LiLi: Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik, 18. 122-146.

Born, Joachim and Stickel, Gerhard (eds.) (1993). Deutsch als Verkehrssprache in Europa. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter.

Coulmas, Florian (1990). "The Status of German: Some Suggestions for Future Research". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 83. 171-185.

Dine, Paul and Hallek, Claudia (1988). "Deutsch als Fremdsprache in der Industrie am Beispiel eines Großunternehmens". Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache, 15. 254-256.

Földes, Csaba (1993). "Deutsch als Verkehrssprache in Ostmitteleuropa - am Beispiel Ungarns". In: Born, Joachim and Stickel, Gerhard (eds.). Deutsch als Verkehrssprache in Europa. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 217-235.

Guratsch, Dankwart (1977): "Deutsch: Die dritte Weltsprache". Lebende Sprachen, 22. 149-150.

Hrncirová-Potter, Jindra (1984). German as Lingua Franca in Australia. Minor Thesis. Department of German, Monash University.

Kalverkämper, Hartwig and Weinrich, Harald (eds.) (1986). Deutsch als Wissenschaftssprache. 25. Konstanzer Literaturgespräch des Buchhandels 1985. Tübingen: Narr.

Michels, Stefan (1992). "Deutsch als Fachsprache der Chemie: die Veränderungen am Beispiel seiner Verwendung in chemischen Fachzeitschriften". Germanistische Mitteilungen, 35. 55-63.

Scheuringer, Herrmann (1993). "Deutsch - alte und neue Lingua Franca in Osteuropa?" Germanistische Mitteilungen, 37. 69-92.

Skudlik, Sabine (1990). Sprachen in den Wissenschaften. Deutsch und Englisch in der internationalen Kommunikation. Tübingen.

Traxel, Werner (1975). "Internationalität oder Provinzialismus? Über die Bedeutung der deutschen Sprache für deutschsprachige Psychologen". Psychologische Beiträge, 18. 584-594.

6.1.3. French

Ager, D.E. and French, R. (eds.) (1986). La Francophonie. Portsmouth: Association for French Language Studies.

Ager, D.E. (1989). "La Francophonie". ACTIF, 1989. 19-33.

Ammon, Ulrich (1990). "Deutsch, Englisch, Russisch und Französisch als Linguae francae in Osteuropa: Eine Expertenbefragung". Germanistische Mitteilungen, 32. 67-81.

Baum, Richard (1995). "Kultur und Sprache. Ein Blick nach Frankreich". In: Forschung und Lehre. Mitteilungen des deutschen Hochschulverbandes, 4/1995. 193-195.

Bourhis, Richard Y. (ed.) (1983). Conflict and Language Planning in Quebec. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Comité de lâEntente Scientifique Internationale Pour lâAdoption dâune Langue Auxiliaire (1911). "Le Francais, language auxiliaire internationale". In: Annuaire de la Vie Internationale, 4. 539-544.

Fosty, Anne (1985). Le Langue Francaise dans les Institutions Communaitaires de l'Europe. Québec.

Gehnen, Marianne (1991). "Die Arbeitssprachen in der Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Französischen". Sociolinguistica, 5. 51-63.

Jaumotte, André L. (1989). "La Langue Francaise dans les Sciences et les Techniques". In: Lemaire, Jacques (ed.). Le Francais et les Belges. Brussels. 43-49.

Lebreton, Jean-Michel and Massacret, Michel (1986). "ONU Genève: Quel Avenir pour le Francais?". Le Francais dans le Monde, 26. 24-26.

Léger, Jean-Marc (1987). La Francophonie: Grand Dessein, Grande Ambigüité. Québec.

Storost, Jürgen (1994). Langue Francaise - Langue Universelle?: Die Diskussion über die Universalität des Französischen an der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften: Zum Geltungsanspruch des Deutschen und Französischen im 18. Jahrhundert. Bonn: Romanistischer Verlag.

Weinrich, Harald (1989). "Les Langues, les Differences". Le Francais dans le Monde, 29/228. 49-56.

6.1.4. Hindi

Deshmukh, C.D. (1972). Hindustani: Rashtrabhasha or Lingua Franca?. Bobbay: Mahatma Gandhi Mem. Research Centre.

Hock, Hans Henrich (1992). "A Note on English and Modern Sanskrit". World Englishes, 11/2-3. 163-171.

Kelley, Gerald (1975). "The Status of Hindi as a Lingua Franca". In: Bright, William (ed.). Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the UCLA Sociolinguistics Conference, 1964. The Hague: Mouton. 299-308.

6.1.5. Pidgins and Creoles as Lingua Francas

Clyne, M. G. (1979). "German and English Working Pidgins". Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics No. 2. Canberra: Dept. of Ling., Australian Nat. Univ. 135-150.

Wurm, Stephen A. (1985). "The Status of New Guinea Pidgin (Neo-Melanesian) and Attitudes towards it". In: Wolfson, Nessa and Manes, Joan (eds.). Language and Inequality. The Hague: Mouton. 373-386.

6.1.6. Other Languages

Blanc, Haim (1968). "The Israeli Koine as an emergent national standard". In: Fishman, Joshua A.; Ferguson, Charles A. and Das Gupta, Jyotirindra (eds.). Language Problems of Developing Nations. New York: John Wiley. 237-251.

Donahue, Thomas S. (1979). "The Nature of the Early American Black English Lingua Franca". In: Malsch, Derry L.; Hoard, James E. and Sloat, Clarence (eds.). Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Western Conference on Linguistics, October 20-21, 1978. Edmonton: Ling. Research. 23-30.

Eichenseer, C. (1992). "Latein als Kommunikationssprache von heute". Lebende Sprachen, 37/3. 97-100.

Fellman, Jack (1993). "Some Thoughts on the Hebrew Revival". Language Problems and Language Planning, 17:1. 62-65.

Nath, Holger(1992). "Yiddish as the Emerging Language of Eastern European Jewry". In: Mattheier, Klaus J. and Panzer, Baldur (eds.). Nationalsprachenentstehung in Osteuropa /The Rise of National Language in Eastern Europe / L'Origine des langues nationales en Europe de l'Est. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 52-64.

Peltz, Rakhmiel and Kiel, Mark W. (1985). "Di Yiddish-Imperye: The Dashed Hopes for a Yiddish Cultural Empire in the Soviet Union". In: Kreindler, Isabelle T. (ed.). Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages. Their Past, Present and Future. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 277-312

Prokosch, Erich (1986). Arabische Kontaktsprachen (Pidgin- und Kreolsprachen) in Afrika. Graz: Univ., Inst. für Sprachwissenschaft.

Wurm, Stephen A. (1977). New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Vol 3: Language, Culture, Society, and the Modern World. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Australian Nat. univ. [several articles on Missionary Lingue France]

6.2. Languages for Special Purposes

Hoffmann, Lothar (1987). "Research on Languages for Special/Specific Purposes". In: Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. (eds.). Sociolinguistics. Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 653-660.

Hoffmann, Lothar; Kalverkämper, Hartwig and Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (eds.) (1998). Languages for Special Purposes. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter.

Kachru, Braj B. (1986). "ESP and Non-Native Varieties of English: Toward a Shift in Paradigm". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 16:1. 13-34.

Mateo-Martinez, Jose; Moody, Bryn and Guillen, Victoria (eds.) (1994). English for Specific Purposes: Approaches and Strategies. Alicante: University of Alicante.

Sauter-Bailliet, Theresia (1976). "English, the Vernacular of the Airline Industry". American Speech, 51/1-2. 76-84.

Strevens, Peter (1984). "International Maritime English (Seaspeak)". Fachsprache, 6/1-2. 2-10.

Yakovleva, E. and Yurisheva, N. (1981). "The Oral Form of our LSP (The English We Use)". Fremdsprache, 3. 22-26.

6.3. Artificial, Planned Lingua Francas

Back, Otto (1996). "Plansprachen". In: Goebl, Hans; Nelde, Peter H.; Starý, Zdenek and Wölck, Wolfgang (eds.). Kontaktlinguistik. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 881-887.

Badouin de Courtenay, Jan ([1907] 1976). "Zur Kritik der Künstlichen Weltsprachen". In: Haupental, R. (ed.). Plansprachen. Beiträge zur Interlinguistik. Darmstadt. 59-110.

Becker, Ulrich (1996). "Interlinguistik im Internet". Interlinguistische Informationen, 5/3 (21). 2-13.

Berdichevsky, Norman (1988). "A Look into the World of 'Utopian' Languages and Their Political Assumptions: Esperanto, Newspeak and Basic English". Geolinguistics, 14. 28-41.

Blanke, Detlev (1985). Internationale Plansprachen. Eine Einführung. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.

Blanke, Detlev and Blanke, Wera (1998). "Plansprachen als Fachsprachen". In: Hoffmann, Lothar; Kalverkämper, Hartwig and Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (eds.). Languages for Special Purposes. Vol. 1. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 875-880.

Blaser, Fritz (1947). "Volapuk, eine vergessene Weltsprache". Schweizerisches Gutenbergmuseum, 33:4. 108-115.

Fischer, Rudolf-Josef (1982). "Die Bemühungen der Esperantobewegung um eine Verständigungssprache in Europa". Osnabrücker Beiträge zur Sprachtheorie, 21. 69-83.

Forster, Peter G. (1982). The Esperanto Movement. The Hague: Mouton.

Gode, Alexander ([1951] 1955). Interlingua. A Grammar of the International Language, Prepared by Alexander Gode and Hugh E. Blair of the Research Staff of the International Auxiliary Language Association. New York.

Gordon, W. Terrence (1988). "Undoing Babel: C.K. Ogden's Basic English". ETC.: A Review of General Semantics, 45:4. 337-340.

Harrison, Richard K. (1992). Bibliography of Planned Languages (Excluding Esperanto). Orlando, FL: Author.

Haupenthal, Reinhard (ed.) (1976). Plansprachen. Beiträge zur Interlinguistik. Darmstadt.

Haupenthal, Reinhard (1982). Volapuk-Bibliographie. Hildesheim: Olms.

Jespersen, Otto (1928). Eine Internationale Sprache. Heidelberg.

Large, Andrew (1986). The Artificial Language Movement. Oxford: Blackwell.

Mayrhofer, Manfred ([1969] 1972). "Zur Problematik der Plansprachen". Monda Lingvo-Problemo, 4. 18-33.

Meyer, Richard M. (1901). "Künstliche Sprachen". Indogermanische Forschungen, 12. 22-92; 242-318.

Ockey, Edward (1982). A Bibliography of Esperanto Dictionaries. Banstead.

Ogden, Charles K. (1930). Basic English. A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar. London.

Ogden, Charles K. (1942). Basic for Science. London.

Ogden, Charles (1968). Basic English International Second Language. New York.

Peano, Giuseppe (1903). De Latino sine Flexione, Lingua Auxiliare Internationale. Torino.

Quirk, Randolph (1982). "International communication and the Concept of Nuclear English". In: Brumfit, Christopher (ed.). English for International Communication. Oxford: Pergamon. 15-28.

Russo, John Paul (1984). "C.K. Ogden, I.A. Richards and the International Movement of Basic English, 1929-43". Letterature d'America: Revisto Trisemestrale, 5:24-25. 201-221.

Sákaguchi, Alicja (1985). "Interlinguistik - ein Stiefkind der Sprachwissenschaft?" In: Kürschner, W. and Vogt, R. (eds.). Sprachtheorie, Pragmatik, Interdisziplinäres. Tübingen.

Sákaguchi, Alicja. (1987) "Welthilfssprache". In: Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. (eds.). Sociolinguistics. Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 365-370.

Sákaguchi, Alicja (1989). "Towards a Clarification of the Function and Status of International Planned Languages". In: Ammon, Ulrich (ed.). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 399-440.

Schleyer, Johann M. (1880). Volapük der Weltsprache. Entwurf einer Universalsprache für alle Gebildeten der ganzen Erde. Sigmaringen.

Schubert, Klaus (ed.) (1989). Interlinguistics. Aspects of the Science of Planned Languages. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter.

Sexton, B.C. (1979). "Interlingua: Esperanto's Rival?". Logophile, 3:4. 46-47.

Sexton, B.C. (1988). "Interlingua, a Clarification". Van Taal tot Taal, 32:1. 14-15.

Sexton, B.C. (1992). "The International Language Interlingua". Esperanto Teacher, 169. 13-14.

Stein, Gabriele (1978). "Nuclear English: Reflection on the Structure of its Vocabulary". Poetica, 10. 64-76.

Tonkin, Humphrey and Fettes, Mark (1996). Esperanto Studies: An Overview. Rotterdam: Universal Esperanto-Asocio.

7. Geographical Areas of Lingua Franca Use

7.1. Europe

Coulmas, Florian (ed.) (1991). A Language Policy for the European Community: Prospects and Quandries. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter.

Coulmas, Florian (1991). "Die Sprachenregelung in den Organen der EG als Teil einer europäischen Sprachenpolitik". Sociolinguistica, 5. 24-36.

Davidheiser, James C. (1993). "Soll Deutsch die dritte Arbeitssprache der Europäischen Gemeinschaft werden?". Unterrichtspraxis, 26/2. 176-184.

Déejan le Féal, Karla (1992). "Der große Sprachraum Europas". Neusprachliche Mitteilungen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis, 45/1. 7-10.

van Deth, Jean-Pierre (1991). "Aspects Politiques du Plurilinguisme en Europe". Sociolinguistica, 5. 1-6.

Durmüller, Urs (1989). "Attitudes towards English as a Possible Lingua Franca in Switzerland". York Papers in Linguistics, 14. 3-17.

Elert, C.C. (1988). "Mutual Language Comprehension in the Nordic Countries". In: Ammon, U; Dittmar, N. and Mattheier, K.J. (eds.). Sociolinguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Fosty, Anne (1985). Le Langue Francaise dans les Institutions Communaitaires de l'Europe. Québec.

Gehnen, Marianne (1991). "Die Arbeitssprachen in der Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Französischen". Sociolinguistica, 5. 51-63.

Haarmann, Harald (1973). Grundfragen der Sprachenregelung in den Staaten der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Hamburg.

Haselhuber, Jacob (1991). "Erste Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung zur Srpachensituation in der EG-Kommission". Sociolinguistica, 5. 37-50.

Labrie, Normand (1989). "1993, L'Europe des Idiomes". GAL-Bulletin, 11. 34-39.

Olbert, Jürgen (1980). "L'Europe et les Langues: Une Seule Langue de Communication ou Pluralité Linguistique?". Langues et Cooperation Européenne: Actes du Colloque International, Strasbourg 17-20 Avril 1979. Paris: CIREEL. 201-206.

7.2. Norway

Haugen, Einar (1959). "Planning for a Standard Language in Modern Norway". Anthropological Linguistics,1/3. 8-21.

Haugen, Einar (1966). Language Conflict and Language Planning: The Case of Modern Norwegian. Cambridge, Mass.

Jahr, Ernst H. (1979). "A Rationale for Language Planning Policy in Norway". Nordlyd, 2. 67-82.

Jahr, Ernst Hakon (1989). "Limits of Language Planning? Norwegian Language Planning Revisited". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 80. 33-39.

7.3. Eastern Europe and the Former USSR

Ammon, Ulrich (1990). "Deutsch, Englisch, Russisch und Französisch als Linguae francae in Osteuropa: Eine Expertenbefragung". Germanistische Mitteilungen, 32. 67-81.

Broch, Olaf (1927). "Russenorsk". Archiv für Slavische Philologie, 41. 209-262.

Domaschnew, Anatolij I. (1993). "Deutsch als eine der Verkehrssprachen in Osteuropa - am Beispiel der UdSSR (Russische Föderation)". In: Born, Joachim and Stickel, Gerhard (eds.). Deutsch als Verkehrssprache in Europa. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 251-261.

Goodman, Elliott R. (1956). "The Soviet Design for a World Language". Russian Review, 15. 85-99.

Jachnow, Helmut (1982). "Sprachpolitische Tendenzen in der Geschichte der Sowjetunion". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 33. 91-100.

Kirkwood, Michael (1989). Language Planning in the Soviet Union. London: Macmillan.

Kreindler, Isabelle (1982). "The Changing Status of Russian in the Soviet Union". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 33. 7-40.

Kreindler, Isabelle (ed.) (1982). "The Changing Status of Russian in the Soviet Union". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 33.

Kreindler, Isabelle T. (1985). "The Non-Russian Languages and the Challenge of Russian: The Eastern versus the Western Tradition". In: ibid. (ed.) (1985). Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages. Their Past, Present and Future. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter. 345-368.

Kreindler, Isabelle T. (ed.) (1985). Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages. Their Past, Present and Future. Berlin u.a.: Mouton de Gruyter.

Lewis, E.G. (1972). Multilingualism in the Soviet Union: Aspects of Language Policy and its Implementations. The Hague.

Peterson, Ronald E. (1980). "Russenorsk: A Little Known Aspect of Russian-Norwegian Relations". Studies in Language, 4/2. 249-256.

Pool, Jonathan (1976). "Soviet Language Planning: Goals, Results, Options". In: Azrael, J. (ed.). Soviet Nationalities: Policies and Practices. New York.

Rannut, Mart (1991). "Beyond Linguistic Policy: The Soviet Union versus Estonia". ROLIG-Papir, 48. 23-52.

Scheuringer, Herrmann (1993). "Deutsch - alte und neue Lingua Franca in Osteuropa?" Germanistische Mitteilungen, 37. 69-92.

Seriot, Patrick (1984). "La Grande Langue Russe. Pourquoi est-elle Grande?". Essais sur le Discours Soviétique, 4. 57-89.

Seriot, Patrick (1985). Analyse du Discours Politique Soviétique. Paris.

Vardys, V. Stanley (1982). "Language, Lenin, and Politics". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 33. 119-128.

Wurm, Stephen A. (1992). "Some Contact Languages and Pidgin and Creole Languages in the Siberian Region". Language Sciences, 14/3. 249-285.

7.4. The Maghreb

Abuhamdia, Zakaria A. (1987). "The Arabian Language Regions". In: Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert and Mattheier, Klaus J. (eds.). Sociolinguistics, Vol. 2. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 1238-1244.

Ennaji, Moha (1991). "Aspects of Multilingualism in the Maghreb". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 87. 7-26.

Ennaji, Moha (ed.) (1995). Sociolinguistics in Marocco. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 112.

Fitouri, Chadly (1984). "Bilingiusme et Education en Tunisie". Französisch Heute, 15:2. 111-117.

Ghrib, Esma Maamouri (1983). "The Introduction of Arabic as a Medium of Isntruction in the Tunisian Educational System". Al'Arabiyya: Journal of the American Association of Teachers of Arabic, 16:1-2. 109-130.

Grandguillaume, Gilbert (1983). Arabisation et Politique Linguistique au Maghreb. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.

Grandguillaume, Gilbert (1991). "Arabisation et Langues Maternelles dans le Contexte National au Maghreb". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 87. 45-54

Ibrahim, Muhammad H. (1986). "Standard and Prestige Language: A Problem in Arabic Sociolinguistics". Anthropological Linguistics, 28:1. 115-126.

Moatisseme, Ahmed (1979). Le Francais au Liban. Essai Socio-Linguistique. Paris and Beirut: Éditions Naaman.

Moatissime, Ahmed (1992). Arabisation et Langue Francaise au Maghreb. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Morsly, Dalila (1986). "Multilingualism in Algeria". In: Fisman, Joyhua A. et al. (eds.). The Fergusonian Impact: In Honor of Charles A. Ferguson on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 253-263.

Sadiqi, Fatima (1991). "The Spread of English in Morocco". International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 87. 99-114.

Schmidt, Richard W. (1986). "Applied Sociolinguistics: The Case of Arabic as a Second Language". Anthropological Linguistics, 28:1. 55-72.

Wood, Richard E. (1984). "Saudi Arabian English". English Language Research Journal, 4. 83-98.

7.5. Africa

Amono, R.F. (1963). "Problems of Ghanian Lingue Franche". In: Spencer, John (ed.). Language in Africa ö Papers of the Leverhulme Conference on Universities and the Language Problems in Tropical Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Awonusi, V.O. (1985). "Issues in Language Planning: AN Examination of the Continued Role of English as Nigeria's Lingua Franca". Sociolinguistics, 15/1. 25-30.

Banjo, Ayo (1986). "Varieties of English in a Multilingual Setting in Nigeria". Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics. 37-50.

Boucher, Evelyn (1983). "Developpement du Swahili en Afrique Noire et Recule de L'Anglais dans le Sud-Est Asiatique". Traduire, 117. 15-17.

Brann, Conrad B. (1985). Official and National Languages in Africa: Complementarity or Conflict? Quebec: Centre International de Recherche sur le Bilingualisme.

Dumont, Pierre (1990). Le Francais Langue Africaine. Paris: L'Harmattan.

Ekwelie, Sylvanus A. (1971). "Swahili as a Lingua Franca: A Study in Language Development". Geneve Afrique, 10:2. 86-99.

Fakuade, Gbenga (1994). "Lingua Franca from African Sources in Nigeria: The Journey so far". Language Problems and Language Planning, 18/1. 38-46.

Ferraz, L. Ivens (1984). "Fanakalo: A Pidgin Caught in a Crisis". York Papers in Linguistics, 11. 107-116.

Heine, Bernd (1970). "Lingua franca und Familie in Afrika". Sociologus, 20. 42-56.

Indakwa, John (1978). A 'Lingua Franca' for Africa. Kiswahili, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 48:1. 57-73.

Manessy, Gabriel and Wald, Paul (1984). Le Francais en Afrique Noire. Paris: L'Harmattan.

Manessy, Gabriel (1994). "Pratique du Francais en Afrique Noire Francophone". Langue Francaise, 104. 11-19.

Mohammed, Aliyu; Momodu, A. G. and Schild, Ulla. (1976). "The Search for a Lingua Franca and Standards in Nigerian Education". In: Momodu, A.G.S. and Schild, Ulla (eds.). Nigerian Writing: Nigeria as Seen by Her Own Writers as well as by German Authors. Tübingen: Erdmann. 153-166.

Ngalsso, Mwatha Musanji (1984). "Pidgins, Créoles ou köinès? : A Propos de quelque Langues Véhiculaires Africaines". Cahiers de lâ Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (Cours et Documents), 9/3-4. 135-161.

Richmond, Edmun B. (1989). "Language Engineering and Educational Policy in Sub Saharan Africa". Geolinguistics, 15. 1-6.

Russel, Joan (1989). "The Role of Vernacularisation in Tanzania. Swahili as a Political Tool". York Papers in Linguistics, 13. 295-305.

Samarin, William J. (1989). "'Official Language': The Case of Lingala". In: Ammon, Ulrich (ed.) Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 386-398.

Schmied, Josef (1985). "Attitudes towards English in Tanzania". English World-Wide, 6. 237-269.

Scotton, Carol M. (1971). "Towards a Sociolinguistic Theory of Choosing a Lingua Franca (a System of Costs and Rewards in Kampala Where Swahili is often a 'Best Buy')". Studies in African Linguistics, 1971. Supp.2. 109-130.

Scotton, Carol M. (1972). Choosing a Lingua Franca in an African Capital. Edmonton: Ling. Research Inc.

Simard, Yves (1994): "Le Francais de Cote d«Ivoire". Langue Francaise, 104. 20-36.

Titlestad, Peter (1996). "English, the Constitution and South Africa's Language Future". In: DeKlerk, Vivian (ed.). Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 163-173.

Ventola, Eija (1995). "Englisch als 'lingua franca' der schriftlichen Wissenschaftskommunikation in Finnland und in Deutschland". In: Kretzenbach, Heinz L. (ed.). Linguistik der Wissenschaftssprache. Berlin: de Gruyter. 353-386

7.6. Asia

Ferguson, Charles A. (1996). "English in South Asia: Imperialist Legacy and Regional Asset". In: Baumgardner, Robert J. (ed.). South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users. Urbana: U of Illinois P. 29-39.

Harrison, Godfrey J. (1984). "The Place of English in Macau and a Theoretical Speculation". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 5/6. 475-489.

Platt, J. (1980). "Lingue Franche of Singapore: An Investigation into Strategies of Inter-ethnic Communication". In: Giles, Howard; Robinson, Peter W. and Smith, Philip M. (eds.) Language: Social Psychological Perspectives. Oxford: Pergamon. 171-177

8. Linguistic Analyses

8.1. Mutual Intelligibility in Lingua Franca Conversations

Abbott, Gerry, (1985). "Nuclear English and Unclear English". Multilingua, 4/3. 143-149.

Gimson, A.C. (1981). "The Twentyman Lecture 1981: The Pronunciation of English: It's Intelligibility and Acceptability in the World". Modern Languages, 42/2. 61-68.

Görlach, Manfred (1985). "Lexicographical Problems of New Englishes and English-Related Pidgin and Creole Languages". English World-Wide, 6:1, 1-36.

Görlach, Manfred (1990). "Heteronymy in International English". English World-Wide, 11:2. 239-274.

Görlach, Manfred und Schröder, Konrad (1985). " 'Good Usage' in an EFL Context". In: Greenbaum, Sidney (ed.). The English Language Today. Oxford: Pergamon. 227-232.

Henry, Alison (1991). "Do Pilots Speak Pidgin? The Syntax of Aircraft Radio Messages". Belfast Working Papers in Language and Linguistics, 11. 124-135.

Leitner, Gerhard (1991). "'Have I your Permission to Leave, Sir?': Die Herausforderungen der neuen Formen des Englischen für die Anglistik". Die Neueren Sprachen, 90/1. 23-38.

Mateo, José (1993). "The Translation of Business English Discourse into Spanish". Babel, 39/1. 11-20.

Nelson, Cecil Linwood (1984). Intelligibility: The Case of Non-Native Varieties of English. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International.

Quirk, Randolph (1988). "The Question of Standard in the International use of English". In: Lowenberg, P.H. (ed.). Language Spread and Language Policy: Issues, Implications and Case Studies, GURT 1987. Washington, D.C.

Smith, Larry and Nelson, Cecil (1985). "International Intelligibility of English: Directions and Resources". World Englishes, 4.2. 333-342.

Zima, Petr (1977). "Lingua Franca: Is Grammatical Reduction and Interference from Other Languages Universal?". Linguistica Generalia, 2. 137-145.

8.2. The Pragmatics of Lingua Franca Interaction

Firth, Alan (1990). "'Lingua Franca' Negotiations: Toward an Interactional Approach". World Englishes, 9/3. 269-280.

Firth, Alan (1996). "The Discursive Accomplishment of Normality: On 'Lingua Franca' English and Conversation Analysis". Journal of Pragmatics, 26:2. 237-260.

Gramkow Andersen, Karsten (1993). Lingua Franca Discourse: An Investigation of the Use of English in an International Business Context. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Aalborg University, Denmark.

Kachru, Braj B. (1981). "The Pragmatics of Non-Native Varieties of English". In: Smith, Larry E. (ed.). English for Cross-Cultural Communication. New York: St. Martin«s Press.

Meierkord, Christiane (1996). Englisch als Medium der Interkulturellen Kommunikation: Untersuchungen zum Non-Native-/ Non-Native-Speaker-Diskurs. Frankfurt a.M. et al.: Lang.

Smith, Larry E. (1987). Discourse across Cultures: Strategies in World Englishes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentics Hall.

Christiane Meierkord, Erfurt